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This
thir d
inst allment
of
the
Clima t e
Insight s
2020
r ep ort
f o cuse s
on
Americans" opinions
r egar ding
go v ernment
p olicie s
t o
r e duc e
gr e enhouse
gas emissions.
This
serie s
is ac c ompanie d
b y an
inter ac tiv e
da t a
t o ol ,
which
can
b e
use d
t o
view sp e cific
dat a
fr om
the
surv e y .
Please
visit
www .rff . or g/ clima t einsight s
or
http s: // clima t epublic opinion. st anf or d. e du/
f or
mor e
inf orma tion
and
t o
ac c e ss
the
dat a
t o ol, r ep ort
serie s,
blo g
p ost s,
and
mor e.
Not e:
S inc e
199 7 ,
S t anf or d
Univ er sit y P rof e s sor
Jon
Kr osnick
has
le d
surv e y s
e xploring
American
public
opinion
on
is sue s
rela t e d
t o
global
w arming,
human
ac tivit y , go v ernment
p olicie s
t o
addr e ss
climat e
change,
and
mor e,
thr ough
a
serie s
of
rigorous na tional
surv e y s
of
random
s ample s
of
American
adult s.
When
this
r e sear ch
pr o gr am b egan,
"global
w arming"
w as
the
t erm
in
c ommon
parlanc e.
Tha t
t erm
w as
use d thr oughout
the
surv e y s
o v er
the
de cade s
and
w as
alw a y s
define d
f or
r e sp ondent s,
so
it
w as
pr op erly
under st oo d.
In
r e c ent
y ear s,
the
t erm
"clima t e
change"
has
risen
in p opularit y ,
so
b oth
t erms
ar e
use d
in
this
r ep ort
int er changeably .
When
de scribing surv e y que stion
wor dings
and
r e sult s,
the
t erm
"global
w arming"
is use d,
t o
ma t ch the
t erm
ref er enc e d
during
int erview s.
Empirical
st udie s
ha v e
shown
tha t
surv e y r e sp ondent s
interpr et
the
t erms
"global
w arming"
and
"clima t e
change"
t o
ha v e e quiv alent
meanings
(Villar
and
Kr osnick
20 11).
A ckno wle dgment s
The author s
and
c ontribut or s
would
lik e
t o
thank
Angelique
Uglow
(R e c onMR),
Jar e d McD onald
(S t anf or d
Univ er sit y ),
Ma tt
B er ent
(B er ent
C onsulting),
A dina
Ab ele s (S t anf or d
Univ er sit y ),
and
S am y S ek ar
(S t anf or d
Univ er sit y ).
In
addition,
the
author s thank
RFF
r e searcher s
and
st aff
Richar d
Newell,
Ra y K opp ,
D allas
Burtr aw ,
K a thryne Cleary ,
Mar c
Hafst ead,
Alan
Krupnick ,
Richar d
Mor genst ern,
K ar en
P almer ,
D aniel Raimi,
D aniel
Shawhan,
Justine Sulliv an,
R os s
v an
der
Linde,
Laur en
Dunlap ,
and
Anne
McD arris.
Thank s
also
go
t o
the
under gr aduat e
st udent s
a t
S t anf or d
who
ha v e
supp ort e d
this eff ort ,
include
the
r e sear ch
as sist ant s
in
the
P olitical
P s y cholo gy
R e sear ch
Gr oup
a t S t anf or d
Univ er sit y:
C onnor
R ok os,
Ma y a
S alameh,
P aul
Mit alip o v ,
R ob ert a
Mar que z , B ella
Me yn,
S ierr a
Bur gon,
Mac
S impson,
Linds a y Chong,
Diana
Maria
Elsie
Jor dan, and
Laris s a
B ersh.
A dditional
funding
f or
this
surv e y w as
pr o vided
b y the
f ollowing
sour c e s
a t
S t anf or d Univ er sit y:
the
W oo ds
Instit ut e
f or
the
En vir onment ,
the
P r e c ourt
Instit ut e
f or
Ener gy , and
the
S cho ol
of
E arth,
Ener gy
&
En vir onment al
S cienc e s.
Phot o s:
cart er dayne
/
G ett y Image s
(c o v er );
gyn90 3 7
/
Shutt er st o ck
(page
4 ); k amilpetr an
/
Shutt er st o ck
(page
1 2 );
John
K eith
/
Shutt er st o ck
(page
17 ); Burlingham
/
Shutt er st o ck
(page
2 5);
S ongquan
D eng
/
Shutt er st o ck
(page
2 9).
Sharing
Our
W ork
Our
work
is a v ailable
f or
sharing
and
adapt a tion
under
an
A ttribution- NonC ommer cial-NoD eriv a tiv e s
4. 0
International
( CC
B Y -NC-ND 4. 0)
lic ense.
Y ou can
c op y and
r e distribut e
our
ma t erial
in
an y me dium
or
f orma t ;
y ou
must
giv e appr opria t e
cr e dit ,
pr o vide
a
link
t o
the
lic ense,
and
indica t e
if
change s
wer e
made, and
y ou
ma y not
apply
additional
r e stric tions.
Y ou
ma y do
so
in
an y r easonable manner ,
but
not
in
an y w a y tha t
suggest s
the
lic ensor
endor se s
y ou
or
y our
use.
Y ou
ma y not
use
the
ma t erial
f or
c ommer cial
purp ose s.
If
y ou
r emix ,
tr ansf orm,
or build
up on
the
ma t erial,
y ou
ma y not
distribut e
the
mo difie d
ma t erial.
F or
mor e inf orma tion,
visit
http s: // cr e a tiv e c ommons . or g/lic ense s /b y -nc -nd/ 4 . 0 / .
Use
of
an y ma t erial
in
this
publica tion
should
b e
cr e dit e d
t o
the
f ollowing:
Kr osnick ,
Jon
A .,
and
B o
MacInnis.
2020 .
Clima t e
Insight s
20 20:
P olicie s
and
P olitic s.
W ashingt on, D C:
R e sour c e s
f or
the
F ut ur e.
The dat a
include d
in
this
r ep ort
c ome s
fr om
sour c e s
with
v arying
sharing
p olicie s. Please
che ck
the
ref er enc e s
f or
mor e
inf orma tion,
and
kr o snick @st anf or d. e du with
an y questions.
C ont ent s
Intr o duc tion
1
Gr e enhouse
G as
Emissions
R e duc tion
P olicie s
3
Ec onomic
Eff e c t s
of
Mitiga tion
P olicie s
1 3
2020
F e deral
Ec onomic
S timulus
P ack age s
16
S o ciotropic
v s.
P o ck etb o ok
Motiv a tions
20
Dismantling
Obama-Er a
P olicie s:
Exploring
the
Impact
of
Elit e
C ue s
22
V oting
in
the
2020
Ele c tion
26
C onclusion
28
R ef er enc e s
3 1
In
Clima t e I nsights
20 20: Ov er all
T r ends ,
we
showe d
tha t
huge
majoritie s
of
Americans b elie v e
tha t
E arth
has
b e en
w arming,
tha t
the
w arming
has
b e en
cause d
b y human ac tivit y ,
tha t
w arming
pose s
a
significant
thr ea t
t o
the
na tion
and
the
world—e sp e cially t o
fut ur e
gener a tions—and
tha t
go v ernment s,
busine s se s,
and
individuals
should
b e t aking
st eps
t o
addr e ss
it .
In
this
r ep ort ,
we
t urn
t o
sp e cific
go v ernment
opp ortunitie s
t o
r e duc e
fut ur e gr e enhouse
gas emissions,
of t en
ref erre d
t o
as
climat e
change
mitiga tion.
P olicie s
t o ac c omplish
this
goal
f all
int o
multiple
ca tegorie s,
including:
1.
C onsumer
inc entiv e s
tha t
r ew ar d
p e ople
f or
t aking
st eps
tha t
r e duc e
their
use
of f ossil
fuels
and,
b y e xt ension,
r e duc e
their
carb on
f o otprint
2.
Carb on
pricing policie s
tha t
r e quir e
emitter s
t o
pa y f or
their
carb on
emissions, such
as
a
carb on
tax
( which
would
r e quir e
carb on
emitter s
t o
pa y a
t ax
f or
each t on
of
carb on
the y emit ),
or
a
cap -and-tr ade
pr o gr am
( which
would
r e quir e busine s se s
t o
ha v e
a
p ermit
f or
each
t on
of
carb on
the y emit )
3.
R e gula tions
tha t
r e quir e
manuf ac t ur er s
t o
increase
ener gy
efficiency
of
their pr o duc t s,
including
aut omobiles,
applianc es,
and
buildings
4.
T ax
inc entiv e s
tha t
enc our age
manuf ac t ur er s
t o
increase
the
ener gy
efficiency of
their
pr o duc t s
The 2020
surv e y ask e d
Americans
ab out
their
opinions
on
a
wide
arr a y of
such p olicie s,
which
allow s
us
t o
not
only
as se ss
curr ent
attitude s,
but
also
t o
tr ack change s in
those
attitude s
o v er
the
past
t wo
de cade s
thr ough
c omparisons
with
r e sp onse s
t o
c ompar able
que stions
ask e d
in
earlier
na tional
surv e y s.
A s
we
outline d
in
our
fir st r ep ort ,
one
might
imagine
tha t
the
curr ent
public
health,
e c onomic ,
and
so cial
crise s f acing
the
na tion
ma y ha v e
cause d
Americans
t o
b e
le ss
willing
t o
supp ort
go v ernment climat e
mitiga tion
eff ort s
in
f a v or
of
addr e s sing
mor e
imme diat e
pr oblems.
A s
we
shall se e,
tha t
did
not
happ en.
W e
also
t o ok
this
opp ortunit y t o
e xplor e
whether
p e ople
e v alua t e
go v ernment
p olicie s base d
on
wha t
the y b elie v e
is b e st f or
the
na tion
as
a
whole
( called
"so ciotr opic" r easoning)
or
whether
each
individual
e v alua t e s
p olicie s
base d
on
their
own
p er sonal financial
int ere st s
( called
"p o ck etb o ok"
r easoning).
A s
we
e xplor e d
in
pr e vious inst allment s
in
this
r ep ort
serie s,
a
gr ea t
deal
of
e c onomic
the ory
has
p ortr a y e d
p e ople
as
r a tional
ac t or s
pur suing
their
own
p er sonal
ma t erial
self-int ere st s
(Kiewiet 198 3;
Kinder
and
Kiewiet
198 1;
L ewis-B e ck
and
P aldam
2000).
Ra tional
choic e
the ory suggest s
tha t
p e ople
will
supp ort
a
public
p olicy
if
the y p er c eiv e
tha t
it
will
yield gr ea t er
e c onomic
b enefit s
t o
them
than
the
c ost s
incurr e d
(D owns
1957 ).
Howe v er , r e sear ch
has
shown
tha t
a
p er son"s
ma t erial
self-int ere st s
ha v e
little
impact
when f orming
opinions
ab out
go v ernment
p olicie s.
Inst ead,
p e ople
f orm
their
opinions
base d much
mor e
on
"so ciotr opic"
r easoning
(Lau and
Heldman
2009;
S ear s
and
F unk
1990; S ear s
et
al.
1980).
Intr o duc tion
T o
t e st the se
c omp eting
h yp othe se s,
we
e xplor e
the
e xt ent
t o
which
supp ort
f or mitiga tion
p olicie s
is driv en
b y b eliefs
tha t
unche ck e d
global
w arming
will
either
hurt ( or
help )
the
r e sp ondent
p er sonally
or
hurt
( or
help )
so ciet y as
a
whole,
and
whether eff ort s
t o
mitigat e
global
w arming
will
ha v e
unint entional
side - eff e c t s
tha t
will
either hurt
( or
help )
the
r e sp ondent
e c onomically
or
hurt
( or
help )
so ciet y e c onomically .
Shiftin g
Ele c tricit y
G eneration
t o R ene w abl e
P ow er
A
numb er
of
p olicie s
ar e
e xtr emely
p opular
with Americans
in
2020
and
ha v e
b e en
c onsist ently p opular
acros s
past
surv e y s
as
well.
F or
e x ample, huge
numb er s
of
Americans
f a v or
go v ernment
eff ort t o
shif t
ele c tricit y gener a tion
aw a y fr om
f ossil
fuels and
t ow ar d
r enew able
ener gy
sour c e s.
In
20...
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